8. Evaluation & Benchmarks
Evaluating AI agents is fundamentally different from evaluating static LLMs. Agents must be assessed on their ability to reason, plan, use tools, recover from errors, and complete multi-step tasks — not just generate text.
8.1 Why Agent Evaluation Matters
Key Metrics
| Metric | Description | How to Measure |
|---|---|---|
| Success Rate | Percentage of tasks completed correctly | Ground truth comparison |
| Token Cost | Total tokens consumed per task | Token counting |
| Latency | Time to complete a task | Wall-clock timing |
| Tool Accuracy | Correct tool selection and usage | Action log analysis |
| Error Recovery | Ability to recover from failures | Injected failure tests |
| Planning Quality | Efficiency of task decomposition | Expert evaluation |
8.2 SWE-bench
The primary benchmark for software engineering agents.
Overview
SWE-bench evaluates an agent's ability to resolve real GitHub issues by generating patches.
Variants
| Variant | Issues | Description |
|---|---|---|
| SWE-bench Full | 2,294 | Complete benchmark from 12 Python repos |
| SWE-bench Lite | 300 | Curated subset for faster evaluation |
| SWE-bench Verified | 500 | Human-verified for reliable evaluation |
Evaluation Process
- Input: Agent receives a GitHub issue (description + repo state)
- Execution: Agent explores codebase, identifies bug, generates patch
- Evaluation: Patch applied, test suite run
- Result: Pass if all relevant tests pass
Progress Over Time
| Period | Top Score (Verified) | Key Agent |
|---|---|---|
| 2024 Q1 | ~4% | Early SWE-Agent |
| 2024 Q2 | ~12% | SWE-Agent + GPT-4 |
| 2024 Q3 | ~22% | Agentless, AutoCodeRover |
| 2024 Q4 | ~33% | OpenAI, Anthropic agents |
| 2025 Q1 | ~42% | Claude Code, Codex |
| 2025 Q2 | ~48% | Multi-agent approaches |
| 2026 Q1 | ~53% | Continued improvement |
For the latest scores, see swebench.com
8.3 WebArena & OSWorld
WebArena
Evaluates agents on realistic web interaction tasks.
Key Features:
- 812 web tasks across 5 web applications
- Tasks include: information retrieval, form filling, navigation
- Fully reproducible web environment
- Realistic, open-ended tasks
| Category | Example Tasks |
|---|---|
| Information Finding | "Find the cheapest 4-star hotel in NYC" |
| Form Filling | "Submit an expense report for $50 lunch" |
| Navigation | "Go to Settings → Privacy → Change to Friends Only" |
| Data Entry | "Create a new contact with the following details" |
OSWorld
Evaluates agents on real desktop OS tasks.
Key Features:
- 369 tasks across Ubuntu, Windows, macOS
- Real operating system environments
- Multi-application workflows
- File, application, and system operations
| Metric | WebArena (2025) | OSWorld (2025) |
|---|---|---|
| Top Agent Score | ~48% | ~22% |
| Human Baseline | ~78% | ~72% |
| Gap | 30% | 50% |
HyperBrowseComp:多语言多模态浏览压力测试(2026-10)
arXiv 2610.03574 提出的浏览 agent 基准:423 道由母语者手工编写并人工验证的题目,覆盖 13 种语言,题目刻意设计为"极端困难"——需要跨页面、跨模态(文本 + 视觉)的信息综合才能作答。价值在于打破"英语 + 单页检索"的评测惯性:多语言环境下的导航、表单交互与信息抽取能力是浏览 agent 全球可用的前提,而现有 agent 在非英语任务上的衰减长期以来缺少系统性度量。
LiveMACE:演化市场中的过程感知 Agent 评测(2026-10)
arXiv 2610.09872 指出:在持续演化的环境里,结 果(outcome)是 agent 行为与环境变化的闭环产物,仅按结果打分会掩盖真正产生结果的能力。LiveMACE 在演化市场场景中按过程评估 agent 能力——与 SWE-bench 类"最终测试通过"范式形成互补,代表评测社区从"结果导向"向"过程导向"的新趋势。
核心特点:
- 环境本身随 agent 行为演化,静态基准的"固定题库"假设失效
- 评估粒度从轨迹终态下沉到中间决策过程
- 与 HyperBrowseComp 同期出现,共同指向"评测要度量能力而非运气"
来源:arXiv:2610.09872(2026-10-07)
SciExam for ENSO:开放式科研 Agent 的实测式评测(2026-10)
arXiv 2610.10513 针对开放式科研 agent 评测的根本难题:已知答案、评分表、LLM 评审都无法判断 agent 是否做出了新科学。SciExam for ENSO 借鉴数值天气预报的独立复验思路——让 agent 构建气候模型预测 ENSO 指数,用未来实测数据验证——把"科研能力评测"从问答式推向实测式。
来源:arXiv:2610.10513(2026-10-07)
评测的统计稳定性:同查询不同答案(2026-10-12)
arXiv 2610.13823(Same Query, Different Answer)测了一个被整个评测范式默认忽略的量:语义查询引擎(用 LLM 逐行判断的查询系统)在重复执行时的 run-to-run 方差。即使温度为 0,重新执行一次评测也可能显著改变结论——基准分数不再是"一个数",而是一个分布。对 leaderboard 文化的直接冲击是:在没有报告方差的情况下,几个百分点的排名差异可能只是噪声。
配套的还有 arXiv 2610.13821(Can Language Models Learn When to Abstain?):让模型学会"什么时候说不知道"——比较训练模型本身 vs 训练独立的答案校验组件两种路线,把弃权决策(abstention)当作可学习、可校准的能力来评测,而不是模型的自然属性。这与决策模型的温度缩放校准同一脉络:置信度必须成为一等公民的评测对象。
来源:arXiv:2610.13823、arXiv:2610.13821(2026-10-09)